LEGAL REFORM OF EDUCATION IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Shabalina Olga Leonidovna¹, Krylov Dmitriy Aleksandrovich², Lavrentiev Sergei Yurievich³, Shabalin Gleb Yurievich^4
1 Prof. Dr., Mari State University, Russian Federation
² Assoc. Prof. Dr., Mari State University, Russian Federation
³ Assoc. Prof. Dr., Mari State University, Russian Federation
⁴ Mr., Mari State University, Russian Federation

Abstract

The article is devoted to the period of liberal reforms carried out in Russia in the beginning of the 19th century. Many areas of public life, including education, have been reformed. On the path of significant state reforms in Russia, there was a need to make significant changes in the legislation. The legal regulation of the sphere of education that existed before the reforms formed a system of legal relations, the instant reconstruction of which was impossible. Taking into account the scale of the affected area, a phased reform was required. The beginning was made by the creation of the central executive body of state power in the field of education, which became a common feature of many reforms of the early 19th century. The reform of education continued with the establishment of a new hierarchy of educational organizations, their structure, subordination, the basics of economic activity, the rights and duties of public officials responsible for the organization and functioning of institutions at various levels. The article substantiates the discrepancy between the legal validity of the thesis about the existence of a unified University Charter of 1804, as a general act for all universities, by referring to the primary source of constituent documents of higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire. Various aspects of the legal status and regulation of the activities of educational institutions are disclosed. In particular, for each level of education, with the exception of higher education, the division into classes and courses, the duration of training and the amount of academic hours in one academic week, the purpose of the activity of the educational organization is indicated. The governing bodies within the university, their hierarchy, interdependence, the order of formation and delimitation of competence are named. The requirements for the teaching of school subjects, information about the necessary means of training, conducting training tests, the status of the head of an educational organization are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the order of creation and operation of private educational institutions - boarding schools. The mechanisms of control over their activity by officials of state educational institutions, the peculiarities of the content of education and the stay of students in them have been revealed. Based on the analysis of the entire body of legal norms, a conclusion is drawn on the level of elaboration and legal technique of legal acts of the education reform in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century.

Keywords: legal reform, history of law, education, education system, legal regulation